Kashmir Smast

The Kashmir Smast caves are natural limestone caves in the Babuzai Sakrah mountains, Katlang Valley, Mardan, northern Pakistan [1]. Artificially expanded from the Kushan to the Shahi periods, archaeological evidence including bronze coins suggests the caves and adjacent valley comprised a semi-independent kingdom in Gandhara that maintained sovereignty for nearly 500 years, from the 4th to 9th centuries AD [1]. For most of this period, the kingdom was ruled by White Hun governors or princes [1].