Aventicum

Capital of Roman Helvetia (Switzerland), founded in the early 1st century AD as the administrative center of the conquered Helvetii territory. Emperor Vespasian, who grew up in the city, elevated it to colonia status in 72 AD, triggering a golden age that saw the population reach 20,000. The city was enclosed by a 5.6 km display wall with 73 towers and featured an amphitheatre seating 16,000 spectators, expanded c. 165 AD. Notable finds include a golden bust of Marcus Aurelius discovered in 1939. The ruins lie beside modern Avenches in the canton of Vaud.