A new 2026 paper by Ricardo Calvário on Academia.edu challenges the assumption that North American horses vanished between ~13,000–10,000 years ago. In just 7 pages, this study explores whether native horse populations persisted past the terminal Pleistocene extinction event.
Paper 'American Horse Mystery' introduces late-surviving horse hypothesis

Key facts
- Paper titled 'The American Horse Mystery: Survival, Adaptation, Human Association, and The Possibility of Assimilation in Ancient North America'
- Written by Ricardo Calvario, published in 2026 on Academia.edu
- Paper is 7 pages long, with one page dedicated to pictures
- Argues North American horses may have survived past the terminal Pleistocene extinction event rather than disappearing completely between approximately 13,000 and 10,000 years ago
Sources
(PDF) THE AMERICAN HORSE MYSTERYacademia.edu
Ricardo Calvário 2026 Institute For Natural Philosophy an ancient American lineage interbred with later introduced horses, the recognizable ancient phenotype ...
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