Kingdom of Gwynedd claimed descent from Magnus Maximus to legitimize rule until 1282 AD. The Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) was written probably in 828 AD, either by Nennius or with his name attached The text claims the first king of Gwynedd was Cuneda's, son of Edern, son of Paternus Paternus in Welsh literature was a chieftain of the Votadini tribe and a Roman military officer, with the nickname 'the scarlet robe' or 'red cloak'

Key facts claimed:

- The Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) was written probably in 829 AD, either by Nennius or with his name attached

- The text claims the first king of Gwynedd was Cunedda, son of Edern, son of Paternus

- Paternus in Welsh literature was a chieftain of the Votadini tribe and a Roman military officer, with the nickname 'the scarlet robe' or 'red cloak'

- The Votadini are associated with the hill fort of Trapain Law according to archaeological evidence

- According to Welsh sources, Cunedda was asked by Magnus Maximus to move with the Votadini into northern Wales, forming the core territory of Gwynedd

Key Facts

  • The Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) was written probably in 828 AD, either by Nennius or with his name attached
  • The text claims the first king of Gwynedd was Cuneda's, son of Edern, son of Paternus
  • Paternus in Welsh literature was a chieftain of the Votadini tribe and a Roman military officer, with the nickname 'the scarlet robe' or 'red cloak'
  • The Votadini are associated with the hill fort of Trapain Law according to Roman sources
  • According to Welsh sources, Cuneda's was asked by Magnus Maximus to move with the Votadini into northern Wales, forming the core territory of Gwynedd
  • Welsh genealogies were constructed going back to Magnus Maximus or other Roman military commanders to claim rulership
  • Welsh contains significant Latin loan words
  • Early medieval Welsh law may stem from Roman law rather than Irish law
  • Gwynedd became one of the most powerful and influential Welsh kingdoms
  • At least one Welsh king claimed the title 'Princeps,' a Roman title, for specific political reasons
  • The Kingdom of Gwynedd survived until 1282 AD when conquered by Edward I

Source: Macsen Wledig & Forgotten Remnant of Roman Britain by The Historian's Craft