Historians challenge traditional hoplite warfare narrative. The orthodox view claims hoplites fought in dense 7-40 row phalanxes using othismos (shoving) to push enemy formation until collapse Heretical view argues little evidence supports the orthodox interpretation from archaic period The Kiji vase (c. 640 BC) shows warriors with javelins, not spears, not in phalanx formation

Recent scholarship questions the classic image of dense hoplite phalanxes. Evidence like the Chigi Vase (c. 640 BC) and other archaic art shows warriors in organized rows, but scholars debate whether these depict actual combat formations or ceremonial/mythological scenes. Historians argue that the 'middle‑class citizen soldier' as a defined military class developed more gradually, and early hoplites may have been drawn from a broader economic range than traditionally assumed. This challenges elements of the orthodox view of 7‑40‑row formations using othismos to crush enemies.

Key facts claimed:

- The orthodox view claims hoplites fought in dense 7-40 row phalanxes using othismos (shoving) to push enemy formation until collapse

- Heretical view argues limited evidence supports the orthodox interpretation from archaic period

- The Chigi Vase (c. 640 BC) shows hoplites in organized rows, but historians debate whether archaic art accurately reflects actual combat formations

- Source material problems: historians may have applied classical period descriptions backward to archaic period

- The development of the 'Greek middle class' citizen soldier class is debated, with some scholars tracing it to the 5th century BC rather than earlier

Key Facts

  • The orthodox view claims hoplites fought in dense 7-40 row phalanxes using othismos (shoving) to push enemy formation until collapse
  • Heretical view argues little evidence supports the orthodox interpretation from archaic period
  • The Kiji vase (c. 640 BC) shows warriors with javelins, not spears, not in phalanx formation
  • Source material problems: historians applied classical period descriptions backward to archaic period
  • The 'Greek middle class' citizen soldier class doesn't appear until 5th century BC, not 8th century as orthodox view claims
  • Hoplites were originally drawn from wealthy elite, not middle class citizens

Source: Why Historians Don’t Know How Ancient Greeks Waged War by The Historian's Craft