Holocene Epoch Began 11,700 Years Ago at the End of the Younger Dryas

THE CONTROVERSY EXPLAINED Between "Gradualism & Catastrophism" / The Younger Dryas Series S1E5
Source: THE CONTROVERSY EXPLAINED Between "Gradualism & Catastrophism" / The Younger Dryas Series S1E5 by The Randall Carlson

Jan Mangerud (1937–2018) was a Norwegian geologist born in Oslo and a professor of Quaternary geology at the University of Oslo.

The Quaternary Period comprises the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs and began about 2.58 million years ago. The Holocene began 11,700 years before 2000 CE (9700 BCE), marking the end of the Younger Dryas; 10,000 years was an older estimate.

The Eemian interglacial lasted roughly 130,000 to 115,000 years ago, with sea level reaching about 20–30 feet above present levels. Some Greenland ice cores preserve records back roughly 250,000 years. The oldest known stone tools date to about 3.3 million years ago, while Oldowan tools date to around 2.6 million years ago.

Key facts

  • Jan Mangerud (1937–2018) was a Norwegian geologist born in Oslo and affiliated with the University of Oslo.
  • The Quaternary Period comprises the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs and began about 2.58 million years ago.
  • The Holocene began 11,700 years before 2000 CE (9700 BCE); 10,000 years was an older estimate.
  • The end of the Younger Dryas marks the beginning of the Holocene.
  • The Eemian interglacial lasted roughly 130,000 to 115,000 years ago.
  • Eemian sea level reached approximately 6–9 metres (20–30 feet) above present levels.
  • The oldest known stone tools date to about 3.3 million years ago; Oldowan tools date to around 2.6 million years ago.
  • Some Greenland ice cores preserve records back roughly 250,000 years.

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